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This professor stalks a monstrous ape man in these shadowy forests.

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But is there really a wild man in Russia?

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The torful calamity befell the people of Greenland's Viking villages, did unknown forces kill their colonies.

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And can a monster have survived in the depths of this Swedish lake for 900 years?

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This man believes he saw it.

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It must be the lake monster.

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What else?

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Mysteries from the files of Arthur C. Clarke, author of 2001 and inventor of the communications

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satellite.

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Now in retreat in Sri Lanka, he ponders the riddles of this and other worlds.

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We're taking the morning train to the hills in the heart of Sri Lanka.

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This journey is an old tradition from the days of the British Empire.

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Every year as the tropical heat grew unbearable in Colombo, the British headed up this line

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in search of the healthier, cooler climate, 6,000 feet up in the hill country.

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From railway couches like this one, they can watch the wonders of the local landscape.

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Mountains, rocks and waterfalls and the lush green terraces of the tea plantations.

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As they climbed up and up, they noticed changes.

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Dry plains turned to fertile pastures.

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Flowers bloomed and would have withered on the coast.

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The turbulent weather of the tropics gave way to the soft, temperate breezes of an English

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summer.

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So what better place for me to take a cool look at mysteries from our worlds far north?

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The landmass of the old Soviet Union made up one-sixth of the surface of the earth.

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For years, eminent biologist Valentin Sapunov has been travelling to its remotest corners

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on the track of the elusive Russian wild man.

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He's searching for any traces of the ape-like creature's presence.

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This tree is very interesting.

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As far as I know, there is no one animal in this region that is able to make such a

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damage for the tree.

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I think that wild man looked for insects.

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It's a very typical food.

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I am not sure that it is the result of action of wild man, but maybe it is so, maybe.

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After each expedition, Sapunov returns to his base in St. Petersburg.

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His travels have yielded weird and tantalising trophies.

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This is a footprint that we detected of wild man.

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Studying footprints of wild man, we may suggest many ideas about its image, about its biological

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construction, and according to our data, it has weight from 200 to 300 kilograms and

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high from 2 to 3 meters.

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This piece of tree was cut by me and my friends near the St. Petersburg in the forest of Karelia

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And as far as we understand, this tree was marked by wild man.

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You may see the horizontal line that were made by somebody having a strong fingernail.

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But Sapunov claims the only creature known to science that could have made such marks

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is a gorilla.

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As far as we know, there is no gorilla in Leningrad district.

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That's why I am sure that this tree was damaged by wild man.

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This hair is said to come from a wild man.

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From evidence like this, Sapunov has made models of what he thinks a wild man couple

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looks like.

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Through detailed examination of the wild man's footprints, Sapunov has worked out how he walks.

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He thinks the creature normally travels on two legs and moves at about 10 kilometers per

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hour.

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But he says it's capable of an alarming 70 kilometers per hour.

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Professor Sapunov has built up his picture of the wild man from interviews with the lucky

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few who claim to have seen it.

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Igor Radimov was a medical officer at a now deserted army base in the forests outside

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St. Petersburg.

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While the base was active, the soldiers reported frequent sightings of the wild man.

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It was even known to peer in through the windows of the barracks.

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Radimov believes the stories because he too had an unnerving encounter.

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Well, the first thing we saw was his huge shadow.

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As he came closer to the light, his front was sort of lit up, illuminated.

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Because of this, we could make out that he was covered with light gray fur.

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It was rather glittery.

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The soldiers said that noticed the palms of his hands were dark, and he had some dark

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stripes on his belly.

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I was reminded of his screams when I visited the zoo with my daughter.

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I heard sounds coming from the monkey house where the baboons and orangutans are kept.

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They were the same as our wild man made.

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A metro station in St. Petersburg is the starting point for Sapunov's latest forensic

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foray.

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Olga Satchisova is convinced that she met the wild man in the forests outside the city.

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She is taking Sapunov to show him where it happened.

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Now, Valentin Borisovich, we are coming close to the place where I met the wild man.

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I'll show you precisely.

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I'll put you exactly on the spot where he stood.

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Valentin Borisovich, now we are almost standing on that place.

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Yes, not almost.

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He was standing there where you are standing now.

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This creature was about three meters tall.

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It had very beautiful fur, which looked a bit like a bear's fur, but was very thick.

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It was shining with gold and was well combed.

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His head was rectangular shaped, looking very similar to a bucket.

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Valentin Borisovich, here is something I did at home.

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Perhaps it will help you to imagine what I saw.

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His eyes were a reddish color.

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He had almost no neck, massive shoulders.

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I could feel that he was frightened of him, and I was scared of him.

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But Sapunov's determination overcomes all fears.

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However long it takes to catch a glimpse of his mysterious quarry,

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his need to find the truth for science burns on.

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Greenland is one of the most inhospitable countries in the world.

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Lying on the Arctic Circle, it is covered in ice except for the coastal edges,

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which can support crops only in the short Arctic summer.

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It was here that in the Middle Ages Viking explorers landed and settled.

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At their peak, the two colonies had 4,000 people, 16 churches, two monasteries, and their own bishop.

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They farmed the land, and for 500 years the communities thrived.

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But suddenly at the end of the 14th century the colonists disappeared.

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Today the only evidence of their existence is the stones of the deserted houses,

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alongside mass graves of some of those who lived there.

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In Copenhagen, Denmark, forensic anthropologist Niels Linerup

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has examined more than 450 Norse skeletons from Greenland.

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The evidence he has found suggests that they had been forced to abandon their usual food supply.

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To survey all the Norse material and evidence for a diet change

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can perhaps be found in these very strange bony growths,

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which we find in the jaws of the Norse, especially from the later settlement period.

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And according to some new interesting research,

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these bony growths could be caused by a predominantly marine diet,

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that is to lift more and more of fish and sea mammals.

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The evidence suggests the settlers could not make a living from the land.

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Other parts of the skulls told Linerup that their health was declining.

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He found more and more instances of middle-ear disease.

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We tried to compare the results from the early settlement period

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with the results from the late settlement period.

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And this seemed to indicate an increase in the frequency of middle-ear disease

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in the late settlement period.

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And this could perhaps point to a general decline in health conditions.

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I think we're looking at a reversal of the colonisation situation.

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In the 15th century, we know that Iceland and also Norway

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was hit by the plague, which left a lot of land available.

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And probably this tempted a lot of the Norse in Greenland

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to move back to Iceland or Norway.

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Linerup's results speak of an increasingly intolerable life in these Spartan homesteads,

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but they do not explain the complete disappearance of the colonists.

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Archaeologists searching for clues have turned to every discipline of science.

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From beneath the buildings, they have taken soil samples for analysis.

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The Vikings covered their floors with layers of straw, which became deeper every year.

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From one of the last inhabited farmhouses, samples have been taken from different levels.

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Entomologist Peter Skidmore studied flies taken from the floor.

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He found the unhatched pupa of one called telomarina.

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There was no way this could have survived in Greenland without human assistance.

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It would occur in areas where there were huge concentrations of human or dog excrement.

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It breeds also in the darkest sort of environments.

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It won't breed in light conditions.

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So what it's telling us about the actual environment

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is that it was nice and warm, big smelly, but cosy.

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Skidmore then turned to the flies taken from the top layer of the floor.

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The next sample that was taken from the bedroom indicated a stark change.

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Telomarina virtually disappeared.

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Its place was taken by another fly, Scolia Centra.

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It would indicate not so much excrement as actual decaying corpses, possibly human.

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So, briefly, the bottom level is nice and cosy bedroom.

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The top level, something terrible has happened.

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Tentrics have dropped.

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And this fly, a carrion feeder, corpse feeder, is taken over.

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Skidmore concludes that the North died in their beds.

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Mark, are you ready to go in the freezer again today?

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Yeah, it's a lot of fun.

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Scientists agree that living conditions in Greenland

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worsen dramatically.

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Blaciologist Paul Majuski believes that he knows exactly what happened.

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In the heat of the New Hampshire summer, he spends his working day

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at temperatures of minus 15 degrees in a giant refrigerator in the University Car Park.

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These tubes contain ice cores collected from all over the world.

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They have recorded almost every change in the planet's climate.

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Majuski's team have taken specific cores from Greenland.

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Working in the most inhospitable conditions, the drill penetrates nearly two miles into the ice cap

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and brings to the surface a tube of frozen history.

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Encased in the cores are particles from the air of ancient times

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that speak volumes to science.

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The expert eye can detect faint layers in the cores.

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Each one represents a single year's snowfall,

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so every piece of ice can be precisely dated.

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By doing a series of analysis, we can describe the environment at that time.

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For example, we know by looking at the oxygen isotopes for that period of time

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that conditions were considerably colder than they had been in the previous decades.

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We know that the sea ice extent, number two,

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was much greater than it had been in previous decades,

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and we can verify this with our measurements of chloride.

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So detailed is the analysis that even tiny particles of potassium were detected.

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Majuski knows these could only have come from around the Himalayan mountains,

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so the icy arctic winds had swept much further south than before.

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The cold air mass that normally sits over the high arctic

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was significantly moved farther southward, plummeting much of the northern hemisphere

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into colder conditions throughout the year than it would have been in the previous decades.

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Immediately following within the next several years,

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the climate began to get milder again, and it stayed milder for about 50 to 70 years.

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Suddenly, however, around AD 1400 to 1410,

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conditions became significantly colder,

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and this part of the northern hemisphere plummeted into one of the coldest periods

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that it had experienced over the last 12,000 years.

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The timing of these cold spells corresponds with the years

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when the two north settlements in Greenland disappeared.

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Majuski believes they were frozen out of existence.

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It's highly probable that the north settlers would have no chance of getting out of the cold.

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The settlers would have no longer been able to till their fields.

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They probably wouldn't have been able to go into the ocean to fish.

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But chances are, because they were never seen again,

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they did die in the cold period that finally marked the beginning of the Little Ice Age.

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Even at its best, life in Greenland must have been grim.

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Niels Linnereup wonders if there's another intriguing puzzle.

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The main question about the north is not why did the north disappear from Greenland.

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It's rather how did the north manage to stay on in Greenland for 500 years?

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I wonder if the disappearance of those colonies is the earliest case of an advertising campaign going wrong.

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As you've seen, Greenland is an icy, bleak and inhospitable place.

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Legend has it that it was given its name to make it sound more attractive.

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Perhaps the north settlers woke up one day and realised they'd been conned.

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The sun rises late over Lake Storchon in Sweden.

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Its waters are bitterly cold even in summer and many meters deep.

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The lake is said to harbour a massive monster unknown to science.

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Ole Matsun collects eyewitness reports.

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Garda Persson recalls walking by the lake with his girlfriend.

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Then she suddenly screams, the big monster.

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So then I look down and about 10 or 15 metres away from me,

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I can see this long monster swimming towards the shore.

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The size of the monster, about 5 to 6 metres.

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The first time you see the monster you get a little shock, you start shaking.

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We followed the monster along the shore and we ran up a hill so we could see where it was going all the time.

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It followed the shore and then by the jetty it turned and went back out into the lake.

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We could see it come up and we could see three humps as well.

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It lasted about 20 minutes and we could see the monster all the time.

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I know what I've seen and nothing can convince me otherwise anyway.

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I believed it before but now I'm completely sure there is something down there.

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The town of Ustersund sits right on the lake's edge.

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Ole Matsun is curator of the local museum.

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He has discovered that reports of the lake monster date back for centuries.

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There is even one on this ancient room stone.

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The room stone is about 8 to 900 years old and here you can see the monster.

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Here are the eye and the head of the monster and here the snake or the monster goes around the stone

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and to the tail and he has a tail in his mouth.

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The runes say that when they are interpreted the monster will appear in the lake.

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They were first understood in the 16th century and there have been reports of the monster ever since.

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Steeg Nielsen and his wife saw what looked like three car wheels in the water

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when they were driving over a bridge across the lake.

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We saw it about a half minute.

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It looked like three car wheels, so strolling after one from us.

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It was about 100 metres from the bridge and about 30 metres from the shore.

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That was my wife and I was sure that it must be the lake monster.

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What else?

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Ole Matsun knows of hundreds of sightings such as this.

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Each one is shown by a dot on this map of the lake.

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There are photographs which appear to show an enormous creature in the water.

232
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A fishing boat recorded a huge underwater shape with its sonar equipment.

233
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People thought it must be the monster.

234
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Each one of the evidence is not so convincing,

235
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but the evidence together will show that there is something in the lake.

236
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Danish zoologist Lars Thomas began his studies of the Storch and Monster hoping to believe in it.

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One famous report came from two girls who were frightened into a tree

238
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by a monster they said had huge bat-like ears.

239
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There's been about 30 sightings where people have described the ears,

240
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have compared them to very big white bat wings.

241
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That sounded very strange to me because most other lake monsters haven't got any ears at all.

242
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In my mind this points to the fact that the Storch and Monster is in fact sightings of moose.

243
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Not many people realise that moose are excellent swimmers.

244
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The two moose behind me are Swedish moose.

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They have swam across from Sweden to Denmark.

246
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At the narrowest place there's five kilometres of sea with a very strong current.

247
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That takes a very strong swimmer to cross that, but this one did.

248
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I think that the big whiteish ears of the monster is in fact this, the antlers of the moose.

249
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Because when you see they look, they're white, they have spikes all along the edges

250
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and they could look like very big whiteish bat wings.

251
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The fact that the Storch and Monster has ears looking like this

252
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and the Storch and is located in an area of Sweden with a very big population of moose

253
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makes it in my mind very likely that the Storch and Monster is in fact swimming moose.

254
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Last Thomas theory may well explain at least some of the sightings on the lake's surface,

255
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but there has been at least one underwater meeting.

256
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Karl Arna Karlsson ran a commercial diving firm.

257
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He was deep in Lake Storch and making repairs to a water pipe

258
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when he came face to face with a huge creature over three metres long.

259
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He describes it as having a hook on its head and a long tongue which seemed to flick in and out as it breathed.

260
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I'm very sure about what I saw.

261
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He had a hook and like a snake, a tang.

262
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And I think he's breathing and the snake tang moved.

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Karl Arna has told fish experts of his meeting.

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He says that none of them could tell him of any creature that big

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that could live in such deep and cold waters.

266
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Before I see a great monster, I don't believe it.

267
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But now after I believe it's some mystery in the lake.

268
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After all my years of studying the monster, I believe it's something in the lake.

269
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We don't understand what it is, but I know there are something in the lake we can't explain.

270
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It's a mystery.

271
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These northern mysteries, like all the others in our series, will continue to make me wonder.

272
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But nothing could induce me to go and investigate them in person.

273
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After 40 years in the heat of Colombo, I've even found the hill country uncomfortably cold.

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So I'll settle for mysteries I can investigate in the sunshine.

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Then they can sense shivers of enjoyment on my spine and not shivers of cold.